Background Hemodynamic instability in cirrhotic individuals and the onset of bacterial infection are both linked to elevated levels of Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Objective The aim of the current work was to evaluate the significance of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) level in serum and ascitic fluid in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) patients as a marker for infection. Patients and Methods A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this case control study and were split into two categories: Group (A):consisted of 56 individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD) having ascites exacerbated by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) through clinical and laboratory examinations. Group (B): consisted of 56 individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD) and ascites who had no detectable infection based on clinical and laboratory tests. Results In group A; significant positive correlations were found between serum LBP, HB, and total protein. Also, a negative remarkable correlation between serum LBP, INR, PTT, PT, serum creatinine, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, PLT, and ascitic fluid LBP. In group (B);significant positive correlations were found between serum LBP, AST, and TLC. Also, a negative remarkable correlation between serum LBP, PTT, serum urea, serum creatinine, and total bilirubin. Conclusion It could be concluded that serum LBP demonstrated a highly significant difference between the two groups with a substantial difference as regard the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, both in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Serum LBP may be considered as a diagnostic tool for SBP in cirrhotic patients with ascites.