Currently, nanoparticles are used as admixtures to reduce the thermal deterioration of concrete after exposure to fire. However, the influence of high temperature on high-strength concrete (HSC) containing silica fume and nanoparticles has not been investigated well. In this study, various HSC mixes incorporated with 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% nanosilica (NS) or 1% and 2% nanoferrite (NF) were prepared to produce HSC with high enduring strength after being subjected to high temperatures of up to 800 °C and actual fires. The specimens were assessed via scanning electron microscopy, compression and splitting tensile tests, modulus of elasticity test, and water permeability coefficient analysis. Results showed that using NS and NF percentages of up to 3% and 2%, respectively, in HSC improved the mechanical properties and water permeability coefficient at elevated temperatures. The compressive strength of the heated specimens with 3% NS was better than those with 2% NF at temperatures 200 °C–800 °C. With regard to the microstructure feature, the results confirmed that NS acted as an adequate filling material, which produced a condensed microstructure with extra compressed hydration outputs. This may be associated to higher pozzolanic reaction of NS with high distribution that formed additional calcium silicate hydrate gel. The specimens with 3% NS had no cracks until the temperature of 800 °C, but their porosity increased slightly.